Difference between Oomycetes and True fungi (Oomycetes vs True Fungi)

Difference between Oomycetes and True fungi (Oomycetes vs True Fungi)

Fungi are a group of microscopic as well as macroscopic, spore bearing, chlorophyll lacking, filamentous and heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually. Fungi are classified into slime moulds, oomycetes and true fungi. The Oomycetes (water moulds) are primarily aquatic fungi live as saprophytes or parasites. Although oomycetes morphologically similar to true fungi and exhibit absorptive nutrition and thus long classified with them, following features show that there are profound biological differences between oomycetes and true fungi.

Oomycetes	True fungi
Diploid somatic thallus	Haploid somatic thallus
Cellulose cell wall	Chitin present, No cellulose cell wall
Mitochondria cristae, tubular	Mitochondria cristate, plate like
Hydroxyprotine wall protein present	Hydroxyprotine wall protein absent
Lysine biosynthesis  Like plants, use diamino pimelic acid pathway	Like animals, use aminoadipic acid pathway

Oomycetes vs True fungi 

1. Somatic phases of oomycetes are diploid, whereas it is haploid in true fungi.

2. Meiosis occurs in developing sex organs or gametangia

3. Many produce egg cells during sexual reproduction. They are also known as egg fungi.

4. Most members produce swimming biflagellate zoospores with an anterior tinsel flagellum and a posterior whiplash flagellum.

5.The cell wall is mainly cellulosic in composition rather than chitionous as is the case in true fungi.

7. The vegetative thallus resembles the algal thallus in general construction.

8.The hyphal walls off oomycetes contain aminoacid hydroxyprotine which is not found other fungi, but is characteristic of the cell walls of green algae.

9. A number of biochemical synthetic pathways in the oomycetes are very different than those present on all other true fungi. Oomycetes like the plants synthesise lysine using diaminopimelic acid pathway rather than through the aminoadipic acid pathway.

10. Oomycetes have tubular mitochondrial cristae. All other fungi have plate like mitochondrial cristae.

11.Sexual reproduction in oomycetes in oogaamous. It takes place by gametagial contact resulting in a characteristic thick walled resting spore, called an oospore.

Fungi are a group of microscopic as well as macroscopic, spore bearing, chlorophyll lacking, filamentous and heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually. Fungi are classified into slime moulds, oomycetes and true fungi. The Oomycetes (water moulds) are primarily aquatic fungi live as saprophytes or parasites. Although oomycetes morphologically similar to true fungi and exhibit absorptive nutrition and thus long classified with them, following features show that there are profound biological differences between oomycetes and true fungi.

Oomycetes	True fungi
Diploid somatic thallus	Haploid somatic thallus
Cellulose cell wall	Chitin present, No cellulose cell wall
Mitochondria cristae, tubular	Mitochondria cristate, plate like
Hydroxyprotine wall protein present	Hydroxyprotine wall protein absent
Lysine biosynthesis  Like plants, use diamino pimelic acid pathway	Like animals, use aminoadipic acid pathway

Oomycetes vs True fungi 

1. Somatic phases of oomycetes are diploid, whereas it is haploid in true fungi.

2. Meiosis occurs in developing sex organs or gametangia

3. Many produce egg cells during sexual reproduction. They are also known as egg fungi.

4. Most members produce swimming biflagellate zoospores with an anterior tinsel flagellum and a posterior whiplash flagellum.

5.The cell wall is mainly cellulosic in composition rather than chitionous as is the case in true fungi.

7. The vegetative thallus resembles the algal thallus in general construction.

8.The hyphal walls off oomycetes contain aminoacid hydroxyprotine which is not found other fungi, but is characteristic of the cell walls of green algae.

9. A number of biochemical synthetic pathways in the oomycetes are very different than those present on all other true fungi. Oomycetes like the plants synthesise lysine using diaminopimelic acid pathway rather than through the aminoadipic acid pathway.

10. Oomycetes have tubular mitochondrial cristae. All other fungi have plate like mitochondrial cristae.

11.Sexual reproduction in oomycetes in oogaamous. It takes place by gametagial contact resulting in a characteristic thick walled resting spore, called an oospore.

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Difference between Chromosomal DNA and Plasmid DNA (Chromosomal DNA vs Plasmid DNA)

Difference between Chromosomal DNA and Plasmid DNA (Chromosomal DNA vs Plasmid DNA)

Chromosomal DNA contains instructions as genes for survival, growth and reproduction of an organism. Plasmids are extra chromosomal, self-replicating DNA present in prokaryotes.

Chromosomal DNA vs Plasmid DNA

Chromosomal DNA	Plasmid DNA
Chromosomal DNA carries genetic information as genes in all organisms except some viruses	Plasmids are double stranded circular DNA present in prokaryotes
Chromosomal DNA is genomic DNA	Plasmid DNA is extra chromosomal DNA
Chromosomal DNA present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes	Plasmid DNA is present only in prokaryotes
Chromosomal DNA is linear in eukaryotes and circular in prokaryotes	Plasmid DNA is always circular in prokaryotes
Chromosomal DNA much larger in size than plasmid DNA	Plsamid DNA size up to 200kb
Generally 1 copy of chromosomal DNA in haploid organisms and 2 copies in diploid organisms	Plasmid copy number per cell ranges from 15 to 700 copies per cell. 15/cell called as low copy number plasmids and 700/cell as high copy number plasmids
Chromosomal DNA replicates only with the replication of genomic DNA	Plasmid DNA can replicate independent of bacterial genomic DNA replication
Chromosomal DNA in eukaryotes have exons and introns, prokaryotic chromosomal DNA has open reading frame, that is with only coding sequences	Plasmid has open reading frame, that is devoid of introns or non-coding sequences
Chromosomal DNA carries genes essential for the survival of organism	Plasmid DNA generally contain genes that codes for proteins involved in antibiotic resistance (R plasmid), fertility factor (F plasmids, or colicin production (Col plasmid)
Chromosmal DNA is used in the study of genome of an organisms	Plasmids are widely used in rDNA technology as cloning vector

*Colicin: Colicins are bactericidal proteins produced by some strains of bacteria, that kills bacteria of the same species.

Chromosomal DNA contains instructions as genes for survival, growth and reproduction of an organism. Plasmids are extra chromosomal, self-replicating DNA present in prokaryotes.

Chromosomal DNA vs Plasmid DNA

Chromosomal DNA	Plasmid DNA
Chromosomal DNA carries genetic information as genes in all organisms except some viruses	Plasmids are double stranded circular DNA present in prokaryotes
Chromosomal DNA is genomic DNA	Plasmid DNA is extra chromosomal DNA
Chromosomal DNA present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes	Plasmid DNA is present only in prokaryotes
Chromosomal DNA is linear in eukaryotes and circular in prokaryotes	Plasmid DNA is always circular in prokaryotes
Chromosomal DNA much larger in size than plasmid DNA	Plsamid DNA size up to 200kb
Generally 1 copy of chromosomal DNA in haploid organisms and 2 copies in diploid organisms	Plasmid copy number per cell ranges from 15 to 700 copies per cell. 15/cell called as low copy number plasmids and 700/cell as high copy number plasmids
Chromosomal DNA replicates only with the replication of genomic DNA	Plasmid DNA can replicate independent of bacterial genomic DNA replication
Chromosomal DNA in eukaryotes have exons and introns, prokaryotic chromosomal DNA has open reading frame, that is with only coding sequences	Plasmid has open reading frame, that is devoid of introns or non-coding sequences
Chromosomal DNA carries genes essential for the survival of organism	Plasmid DNA generally contain genes that codes for proteins involved in antibiotic resistance (R plasmid), fertility factor (F plasmids, or colicin production (Col plasmid)
Chromosmal DNA is used in the study of genome of an organisms	Plasmids are widely used in rDNA technology as cloning vector

*Colicin: Colicins are bactericidal proteins produced by some strains of bacteria, that kills bacteria of the same species.

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Difference between Mass Selection and Pureline Selection (Mass Selection vs Pureline Selection)

Difference between Mass Selection and Pureline Selection (Mass Selection vs Pureline Selection)

Selection is the oldest breeding method. This is the basis for all crop improvement methods. Selection is of two types viz., natural selection and artificial selection. Artificial selection is of three types: mass selection, pureline selection and clonal selection.

Mass selection: This is the simplest and the oldest method  of crop improvement practiced by farmers. It is practiced in crop pollinated crops.

Pureline selction: The term pureline was first introduced by W. L. Johannsen of Denmark 1903. A pureline may be defined as the progeny of a single individual obtained by selfing”.

Mass selection vs Pureline Selection

Mass Selection

1. Used in both cross and self pollinated species.

2. Genetic variation is present.

3. Mass selected variety has wide adaptation

4. Produce of variety is less uniform.

Pureline Selection

1. Used in self pollinated species

2. Genetic variation is absent.

3. Pure line variety has narrow adaptation

4. Produce of variety is highly uniform

Selection is the oldest breeding method. This is the basis for all crop improvement methods. Selection is of two types viz., natural selection and artificial selection. Artificial selection is of three types: mass selection, pureline selection and clonal selection.

Mass selection: This is the simplest and the oldest method  of crop improvement practiced by farmers. It is practiced in crop pollinated crops.

Pureline selction: The term pureline was first introduced by W. L. Johannsen of Denmark 1903. A pureline may be defined as the progeny of a single individual obtained by selfing”.

Mass selection vs Pureline Selection

Mass Selection

1. Used in both cross and self pollinated species.

2. Genetic variation is present.

3. Mass selected variety has wide adaptation

4. Produce of variety is less uniform.

Pureline Selection

1. Used in self pollinated species

2. Genetic variation is absent.

3. Pure line variety has narrow adaptation

4. Produce of variety is highly uniform

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7 Differences between DNA and DNase (DNA vs DNase)

7 Differences between DNA and DNase (DNA vs DNase)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material made up nucleotides whereas DNase (Deoxyribonucleases) is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA. It non-specifically cleaves DNA to release 5'-phosphorylated di-, tri-, and oligonucleotide products. The relationship between DNA and DNase is that the DNA is the substrate for the enzyme DNase.

DNA vs DNAase

DNA	DNase
Chemically DNA is a nucleic acid	DNase is a protein
The building blocks or monomer of DNA is nucleotides	As DNase is a protein, it is made up of amino acids
Function: Self replicating genetic material and major constituents of chromosomes. Hereditary material in all organisms except some few viruses	Function: Deoxyribonucleases are one type of nuclease, capable of hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds that link nucleotides of DNA
DNA is found in nucleus	DNase is primarily found in cytoplasm
New DNA strands are synthesized by DNA replication	DNase enzyme is synthesized by the transcription and translation of DNase gene
DNA serves as genetic material for all organisms except for few viruses	It is used to break the double stranded DNA molecule or single stranded DNA molecule into component nucleotides.
DNA contain instructions as genes for synthesis of proteins required for cellular activities	Major Applications -1. Degradation of contaminating DNA after RNA isolation, 2"Clean-up" of RNA prior to RT-PCR and after in vitro transcription, 3. Identification of protein binding sequences on DNA (DNase I footprinting)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material made up nucleotides whereas DNase (Deoxyribonucleases) is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA. It non-specifically cleaves DNA to release 5'-phosphorylated di-, tri-, and oligonucleotide products. The relationship between DNA and DNase is that the DNA is the substrate for the enzyme DNase.

DNA vs DNAase

DNA	DNase
Chemically DNA is a nucleic acid	DNase is a protein
The building blocks or monomer of DNA is nucleotides	As DNase is a protein, it is made up of amino acids
Function: Self replicating genetic material and major constituents of chromosomes. Hereditary material in all organisms except some few viruses	Function: Deoxyribonucleases are one type of nuclease, capable of hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds that link nucleotides of DNA
DNA is found in nucleus	DNase is primarily found in cytoplasm
New DNA strands are synthesized by DNA replication	DNase enzyme is synthesized by the transcription and translation of DNase gene
DNA serves as genetic material for all organisms except for few viruses	It is used to break the double stranded DNA molecule or single stranded DNA molecule into component nucleotides.
DNA contain instructions as genes for synthesis of proteins required for cellular activities	Major Applications -1. Degradation of contaminating DNA after RNA isolation, 2"Clean-up" of RNA prior to RT-PCR and after in vitro transcription, 3. Identification of protein binding sequences on DNA (DNase I footprinting)

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Difference between Complementary genes and Supplementary genes

Difference between Complementary genes and Supplementary genes

Complementary genes it may be defined as two or more dominant genes present on separate gene loci, which interact to produce a particular phenotypic trait, but neither of them produce a particular trait in the absence of other. Complementary genes were first studied by Bateson and Punnett in the case of flower colour of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus).

Supplementary genes: They are two independent genes present on different  on different gene loci, each producing its own trait. These genes interact when present in dominant state to produce a new trait.

(Complementary genes vs Supplementary genes)

Complementary genes	Supplementary genes
They are a pair of non allelic genes, both of which independently express similar phenotypic trait.	They are a pair of nonalleic genes where only one is able to express its effect independently.
Both the genes interact to produce a completely new trait.	The interaction of the two genes modifies the expression of the independently expressing gene.
The F2 ratio is generally 9:7	The F2 ratio is generally 9:3:4

Complementary genes it may be defined as two or more dominant genes present on separate gene loci, which interact to produce a particular phenotypic trait, but neither of them produce a particular trait in the absence of other. Complementary genes were first studied by Bateson and Punnett in the case of flower colour of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus).

Supplementary genes: They are two independent genes present on different  on different gene loci, each producing its own trait. These genes interact when present in dominant state to produce a new trait.

(Complementary genes vs Supplementary genes)

Complementary genes	Supplementary genes
They are a pair of non allelic genes, both of which independently express similar phenotypic trait.	They are a pair of nonalleic genes where only one is able to express its effect independently.
Both the genes interact to produce a completely new trait.	The interaction of the two genes modifies the expression of the independently expressing gene.
The F2 ratio is generally 9:7	The F2 ratio is generally 9:3:4

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Difference between B cells and Plasma cells (B cells vs Plasma cells)

Difference between B cells and Plasma cells (B cells vs Plasma cells)

B lymphocytes or B cells and T lymphocytes or T cells are the major players in adaptive immune response. T cells mediate cell mediated immunity whereas B cells are behind antibody mediated or humoral immunity. They possess antigen binding cell surface receptors responsible for specificity, diversity memory and self/non-self recognition by the immune system.
See the Difference between B cells and T cells

B cells originate and mature in bone marrow itself. Two major functions of B cells are

• they differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies; and memory B cells that is responsible for immunologic memory
• B cells acts as antigen presenting cells (APCs)

B cells	Plasma cells
B Cells possess a surface B Cell receptor (BCR) composed of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) for antigen binding and a transmembrane protein made up of two heterodimer subunits of Ig-α and Ig-β  called as CD79 for signal transduction	Plasma cells lacks surface receptors like BCR
B cells are formed from hoematopoetic stem cells of bone marrow	Plasma cells are formed by the differentiation of B cells upon activation
Naive B cells do not secrete antibodies	High rate of secretion of antibodies by plasma cells
B Cells has MHC class II receptor as it functions as antigen presenting cells (APC)	Mature plasma cells lacks MHC class II receptor
Common mature B cell markers are CD19, CD 20, CD21, CD22	Plasma cells often express Syndecan1 (CD138), CD44 and VLA-4 on their surface (common markers)
B cells in peripheral lymphoid tissue are predominantly long-lived, with a life span of between 4 and 7 weeks	Plasma cells may be short‐lived, surviving only 3–5 days often found in the secondary lymphoid tissue. Generally, these secrete lower affinity antibody. Alternatively, plasma cells may be long‐lived, surviving decades or the lifetime of an animal, secreting high‐affinity antibody majority of which found in the bone marrow
*Antibody class switching and somatic hypermutation occurs in mature B cells in response to antigen stimulation and costimulatory signals.	No such mechanisms reported so far in plasma cells

 *Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin (antibodies) from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG.

Reference

Wang, K., Wei, G., & Liu, D. (2012). CD19: a biomarker for B cell development, lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. Experimental hematology & oncology, 1(1), 36.

Anaya, J. M., Shoenfeld, Y., Rojas-Villarraga, A., Levy, R. A., & Cervera, R. (2013). Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside. El Rosario University Press.Fulcher, D. A., & Basten, A. (1997). B cell life span: a review. Immunology and cell biology, 75(5), 446-455.Stavnezer, J., Guikema, J. E., & Schrader, C. E. (2008). Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annual review of immunology, 26, 261-92.

B lymphocytes or B cells and T lymphocytes or T cells are the major players in adaptive immune response. T cells mediate cell mediated immunity whereas B cells are behind antibody mediated or humoral immunity. They possess antigen binding cell surface receptors responsible for specificity, diversity memory and self/non-self recognition by the immune system.
See the Difference between B cells and T cells

B cells originate and mature in bone marrow itself. Two major functions of B cells are

• they differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies; and memory B cells that is responsible for immunologic memory
• B cells acts as antigen presenting cells (APCs)

B cells	Plasma cells
B Cells possess a surface B Cell receptor (BCR) composed of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) for antigen binding and a transmembrane protein made up of two heterodimer subunits of Ig-α and Ig-β  called as CD79 for signal transduction	Plasma cells lacks surface receptors like BCR
B cells are formed from hoematopoetic stem cells of bone marrow	Plasma cells are formed by the differentiation of B cells upon activation
Naive B cells do not secrete antibodies	High rate of secretion of antibodies by plasma cells
B Cells has MHC class II receptor as it functions as antigen presenting cells (APC)	Mature plasma cells lacks MHC class II receptor
Common mature B cell markers are CD19, CD 20, CD21, CD22	Plasma cells often express Syndecan1 (CD138), CD44 and VLA-4 on their surface (common markers)
B cells in peripheral lymphoid tissue are predominantly long-lived, with a life span of between 4 and 7 weeks	Plasma cells may be short‐lived, surviving only 3–5 days often found in the secondary lymphoid tissue. Generally, these secrete lower affinity antibody. Alternatively, plasma cells may be long‐lived, surviving decades or the lifetime of an animal, secreting high‐affinity antibody majority of which found in the bone marrow
*Antibody class switching and somatic hypermutation occurs in mature B cells in response to antigen stimulation and costimulatory signals.	No such mechanisms reported so far in plasma cells

 *Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin (antibodies) from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG.

Reference

Wang, K., Wei, G., & Liu, D. (2012). CD19: a biomarker for B cell development, lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. Experimental hematology & oncology, 1(1), 36.

Anaya, J. M., Shoenfeld, Y., Rojas-Villarraga, A., Levy, R. A., & Cervera, R. (2013). Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside. El Rosario University Press.Fulcher, D. A., & Basten, A. (1997). B cell life span: a review. Immunology and cell biology, 75(5), 446-455.Stavnezer, J., Guikema, J. E., & Schrader, C. E. (2008). Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annual review of immunology, 26, 261-92.

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10 Differences between Fungi and Animals (Fungi vs Animals)

10 Differences between Fungi and Animals (Fungi vs Animals)

Fungus vs Animals

Fungi are microscopic or macroscopic, non-chlorophyllated, spore bearing, filamentous, heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually

 Animals are eukaryotic living organism that feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants

Fungus	Animals
Fungal cell has a rigid cell wall made up of chitin	Animal cells lack cell wall
• In Fungus, mode of nutrition is Heterotrophic and absorptive •      Secrete digestive enzymes •      Feed by absorption in soluble form •      Saprotrophic, parasitic or symbiotic	•      In animals, mode of nutrition is Heterotrophic and holozoic •      Feed by ingesting solid food materials which is then internally digested and absorbed into their bodies
Fungus don’t move around	All animals can move at least during some stage of their life cycle
Fungal thallus is generally multi cellular, with filaments called hyphae and network of these filaments makes mycelium (Exception: Yeast is a unicellular fungus)	The body is multi-cellular, well differentiated into tissues, organs and organ system
Fungi like plants are comparatively slow in response and can sense environmental signals and react accordingly, changing their development, direction of growth, and metabolism	Animals are capable of responding quickly to external stimuli as a result of nerve cells, muscle or contractile tissue, or both.
Reproduce both sexually and asexually Asexual spores include zoospores, conidia etc	Generally reproduce sexually, involves two individuals contributing genetic material to produce offspring
Comparatively complex life cycle. In the life cycle of a sexually reproducing fungus, a haploid phase alternates with a diploid phase.	Comparatively simple life cycle. Diploid adults undergo meiosis to produce sperm or eggs. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg fuse. The zygote that forms develops into an embryo. The embryo eventually develops into an adult.
Dikaryotic phase is very common (presence of two nuclei of opposite mating strains without fusion) and even dominant phase in many fungal groups like Basidiomycetes	Dikaryotic phase is absent
Most fungus has haploid dominant life cycle with an long dikaryotic phase	Animals has diploid dominant life cycle with haploid phase only in gametes
Example: Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)	Humans (Homo sapiens), Rat, parrot, fish

x

Fungus vs Animals

Fungi are microscopic or macroscopic, non-chlorophyllated, spore bearing, filamentous, heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually

 Animals are eukaryotic living organism that feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.

Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants

Fungus	Animals
Fungal cell has a rigid cell wall made up of chitin	Animal cells lack cell wall
• In Fungus, mode of nutrition is Heterotrophic and absorptive •      Secrete digestive enzymes •      Feed by absorption in soluble form •      Saprotrophic, parasitic or symbiotic	•      In animals, mode of nutrition is Heterotrophic and holozoic •      Feed by ingesting solid food materials which is then internally digested and absorbed into their bodies
Fungus don’t move around	All animals can move at least during some stage of their life cycle
Fungal thallus is generally multi cellular, with filaments called hyphae and network of these filaments makes mycelium (Exception: Yeast is a unicellular fungus)	The body is multi-cellular, well differentiated into tissues, organs and organ system
Fungi like plants are comparatively slow in response and can sense environmental signals and react accordingly, changing their development, direction of growth, and metabolism	Animals are capable of responding quickly to external stimuli as a result of nerve cells, muscle or contractile tissue, or both.
Reproduce both sexually and asexually Asexual spores include zoospores, conidia etc	Generally reproduce sexually, involves two individuals contributing genetic material to produce offspring
Comparatively complex life cycle. In the life cycle of a sexually reproducing fungus, a haploid phase alternates with a diploid phase.	Comparatively simple life cycle. Diploid adults undergo meiosis to produce sperm or eggs. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg fuse. The zygote that forms develops into an embryo. The embryo eventually develops into an adult.
Dikaryotic phase is very common (presence of two nuclei of opposite mating strains without fusion) and even dominant phase in many fungal groups like Basidiomycetes	Dikaryotic phase is absent
Most fungus has haploid dominant life cycle with an long dikaryotic phase	Animals has diploid dominant life cycle with haploid phase only in gametes
Example: Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)	Humans (Homo sapiens), Rat, parrot, fish

x

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Difference between Controlled Group and Controlled Variable in an Experiment with example

Difference between Controlled Group and Controlled Variable in an Experiment with example

Control Group

A good control group is similar to the experimental group in all way except for the difference in the experimental condition (that is the independent variable that the researcher changes).

Let us discuss these terms with a simple experiment

Suppose a researcher has developed a bio-fertilizer and wants to test its effect on plant growth. Therefore the experiment is “Effect of Bio-fertilizer ‘x’ in plant growth"

See the Figure 1 and 2 for understanding these terms in research

The variable is the factor you might measure in an experiment

A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can have different values, change in variable influences the outcome of experimental research

Three types of variables:

      1. Independent variable: The variable that researcher changes or the researcher think it will affect the dependent variable

      2. Dependent variable: The variable that is affected by change  in independent variable

   3. Controlled variable: The variable that is kept constant or same throughout the experiment.

Control group	Controlled variable
It is the group that you are not conducting experiment (Figure 1) Know more: Experimental group vs control group	All the variable that are kept constant or same throughout the experiment. (Figure 2) Know more: Difference between Independent, Dependent and controlled variable
The researcher is not changing the independent variable	The researcher has kept this variable constant or given a standard value
Helps to compare experimental result with non experimental natural result (control group). It increases the reliability and validity of experimental results	Essential to get an unbiased result on the effect of independent variable studied by the researcher

Control Group

A good control group is similar to the experimental group in all way except for the difference in the experimental condition (that is the independent variable that the researcher changes).

Let us discuss these terms with a simple experiment

Suppose a researcher has developed a bio-fertilizer and wants to test its effect on plant growth. Therefore the experiment is “Effect of Bio-fertilizer ‘x’ in plant growth"

See the Figure 1 and 2 for understanding these terms in research

The variable is the factor you might measure in an experiment

A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can have different values, change in variable influences the outcome of experimental research

Three types of variables:

      1. Independent variable: The variable that researcher changes or the researcher think it will affect the dependent variable

      2. Dependent variable: The variable that is affected by change  in independent variable

   3. Controlled variable: The variable that is kept constant or same throughout the experiment.

Control group	Controlled variable
It is the group that you are not conducting experiment (Figure 1) Know more: Experimental group vs control group	All the variable that are kept constant or same throughout the experiment. (Figure 2) Know more: Difference between Independent, Dependent and controlled variable
The researcher is not changing the independent variable	The researcher has kept this variable constant or given a standard value
Helps to compare experimental result with non experimental natural result (control group). It increases the reliability and validity of experimental results	Essential to get an unbiased result on the effect of independent variable studied by the researcher

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