Mendel's earlier experiments in garden pea (Pisum sativum) were mono hybrid crosses. A cross involving contrasting expression of one trait is transferred to as monohybrid cross. For example, in order to learn inheritance of plant height, a tall pea plant was crossed with a dwarf one; all other traits were ignored.
Inheritance of two pairs of alleles through a number of generations was studied by Mendel through dihybrid crosses. In one experiment Mendel crossed a round green’ with a wrinkled yellow. The F1 individuals, called dihybrid, were all round yellow. Two members of the F1 were crossed to raise the F2 . The result was 315 round yellow + 108 round green + 101 wrinkled yellow + 32 wrinkled green. This observed figures closely approximated a 9:3:3:1 ratio.
Monohybrid vs Dihybrid
Monohybrid
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Dihybrid
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It is a cross between two pure organisms in order to study the inheritance of a single pair of alleles.
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It is a cross between two pure organisms of a species in order to study the inheritance of two pairs of alleles belonging to two different characters.
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It produces a phenotypic monohybrid ratio of 3:1 in F2 generation.
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It produces a phenotypic dihybrid ratio of 9:3:3:1 in F2 generation.
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It produces genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 in F2.
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It produces genotypic ratio of 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
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Test cross ratio - 1:1
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Test cross ratio -1:1:1:1
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explain the topic more deeply...
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ReplyDeleteHey, if you guys explain some of the terminology you used here a little further visitors will be able to better understand what you are explaining :) explain as if you are teaching someone at a beginner level
ReplyDeleteit helps me, but I feel like I need a deeper meaning between these two crosses.
ReplyDeleteSimplified for some ... The monohybrid F1 is bred from 2 true breeding (homozygotes) parental lines. This results in a more uniform line of offspring, breeding the next generation will show multiple phenotypes as they can grab traits (alelles) from recessive genes from grand-parents. Selective breeding more gens will bottleneck genetics limiting phenos until make new IBL (inbred line) that breeds true for selected traits, hybrids are also referred to as heterozygotes. However using parents that aren't true breeding (heterozygote) will result in a dihybrid, these usually have multiple phenotypes due to more random gene mixing. The dihybrids are also referred to as poly-hybrids, breeding further wil result in even more phenos (traits). Hope that helps a little for those wanting further explination.
ReplyDeletePlease explain more deeply and use simple terms. Thank you.
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ReplyDeleteOK i will try make it easier to understand (Matthew hit nail on head so will simply expand on and simplify his a little), first lets run through basic terms. Homozygotes are heirloom/landrace very inbred lines : Heterozygotes are any hybrid and will not be true breeding : allele is a certain characteristic (our eye colour is an allele) Phenotype is the outward expression (looks) and is made up of 50% genetics (genotype) and 50% growing environment. Breeding together 2 inbred (heirloom) cultivars will result in a monohybrid (should be fairly uniform with 3:1 ratio according to Mendels law of inheritance). How ever taking 2 different single crosses (another term for monohybrid) then hybridizing them (crossing with each other) will result in a double cross (laymens term for dihybrid) and again referring to Mendels law of inheritance will result in phenotype ratio of 9:3:3:1. Also Mendel is considered on of the grandfathers in plant breeding (Gregor Mendel) whom was an Augustinian monk who spent years experimenting with peas in the 19th centurary
ReplyDeleteWell I understood pretty good
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ReplyDeleteA monohybrid cross is useful in learning the dominance of certain traits while a dihybrid cross is useful in studying how the traits are assorted across the second-generation offspring. No trait is lost, and you always get the full combination of traits represented. Although the practice probably preceded the science, dihybrid crossing has some very real applications. Farmers have been crossing animals with two traits in order to get the best possible combination.
ReplyDeleteHope that helps :D
ReplyDeletecan you tell me what would have happened had mendel used other plant not pea?
ReplyDeleteMonohybrid cross = comparing combinations for 1 trait.
ReplyDeleteDihybrid cross = comparing combinations for 2 traits.
Hopefully, that's simple enough.
Here's a little bit more of an explanation: At the beginning, you're looking at a Punnett square. Basically, this is just a system for visualizing the possible outcomes, or possible combinations, when you combine different things. In this case, the "things" are alleles. If you think of a gene as a certain trait, like height, then alleles are different versions of that gene, or trait. So, for example, you could have an allele for tall and an allele for short. These alleles are usually represented by uppercase (dominant allele) or lowercase (recessive allele) letters. If we say that the dominant trait (allele) is tall, then we would use a capital "T" for the corresponding tall allele, and we would use a lower case "t" for the corresponding short allele. Without going into too much detail about how gametes are produced through meiosis, basically the cross helps us organize the different combinations possible when these gametes are combined. The combination of gametes (one from each parent organism) produces an offspring with a combination of the traits (alleles) from each parent organism. If we look at just one trait, each parent will have 2 alleles for that trait. It may be TT, Tt, or tt. If they have 2 of the same alleles, TT or tt, they are called "homozygous" for that trait. If they have 2 different alleles for the same trait, they are called "heterozygous" for that trait. SOOO, if you have one parent with TT (homozygous tall) and one parent with tt (homozygous short), for that trait, the Punnett square that you can construct will show the ratio of possible combinations, (of alleles for that single trait), resulting from the pairing of those two parents' cells (or gametes). In order to make the Punnett square, though, you have to be able to take the allele combinations from each parent and be able to find the 4 gametes that will be produced through meiosis. For homozygous traits, this is easy. The TT parent will produce 4 single "T" gametes, and the tt parent will produce 4 single "t" gametes. A monohybrid cross, then, will show the possible outcomes, as well as the probability of each outcome, for that single trait in the offspring. A dihybrid cross just means making one square to look at the combination of two different traits, instead of one. So if you added seed color, you could say the colors of seeds are green (G) or yellow (g). So a parent could be TT and GG, TT and gg, TT and Gg, Tt and GG, Tt and Gg, Tt and gg, tt and GG, tt and Gg, or tt and gg. For the cross, we use homozygous parents, so TT and GG, TT and gg, tt and GG, or tt and gg. You would use the combination of gametes from the crossing of two of those parent cells, then put those into the Punnett square to make a dihybrid cross showing the outcomes and probabilities for the offspring for these TWO traits.
Hope that helps.
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