Chlorosis is a deficiency disease in plants that lead to pale or yellow coloration of leaves due to the deficiency of certain elements. Low chlorophyll synthesis due to this deficiency causes pale or yellow colouration.
Etiolation refers to the characteristic growth of green plants in the absence of light.  Chlorosis occurs in etiolation also therefore etiolation can also be defined as chlorosis along with typical growth pattern shown by green plants caused by lack of light.
Chlorosis vs Etiolation
Chlorosis
Etiolation
It is a physiological disease.
It is a physiological phenomenon.
It is caused due to deficiency of certain elements like Mg2+, iron, nitrogen, potassium, manganese, sulphur etc., when the plants are grown in light.
It is caused in green plants, when they are grown in dark. Mineral deficiency is not involved in such plants.
During chlorosis, the leaves become non green due to low chlorophyll synthesis. Accessory pigments like  xanthophylls, carotenoids may form but cannot carryout photosynthesis due to the lack of chlorophyll
During etiolation, the stem becomes long and weak, the leaves become smaller and colourless or yellow, young leaves remain unexpanded. Pigments like chlorophylls, carotenoids and xanthophylls involved in photosynthesis are not synthesized.
It may be complete or inter veinal chlorosis. In inter veinal chlorosis, petiole and veins may remain green
Absence of light is the only factor in etiolation and the entire leaf becomes yellow or colourless.
Affected plant cannot carryout photosynthesis and may die due to the lack of chlorophyll.  Chlorosis can be treated by supplying the deficient element through any method.
Etiolation can be avoided if the plant is kept in proper sunlight. The process is called de Etiolation.

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